英语共有十六个时态、 四个体。(注:四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。)
英语中 de 四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中 de 式 ,如:直陈式,命令式等。
( (1 )一般现在时
基本形式(以 do 为例):
数 第三人称单数:does(主语为非第三人称单数);
句 肯定句:主语+动词原形+其他;
He works for us.
句 否定句:主语+don‘t/doesn"t+动词原形+其他;
He doesn"t work for us.
句 一般疑问句:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他。
肯定回答 :Yes,(+ 主语+do/does).
否定回答 :No,(+主语+don"t/doesn"t.)
特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句语
Does he work for us?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn"t
What does he do for us?
He works for us.
( (2 )一般过去时
be 动词+行为动词 de 过去式
否定句式:在行为动词前加 didn‘t,同时还原行为动词,或 was/were+not;
was 或 were 放于句首;用助动词 dode 过去式 did 提问,同时还原行为动词
例如:
Did he work for us?
He didn"t work for us.
He worked for us.
( (3 )一般将来时
am/are/is+going to+do 或
will/shall+do
am/is/are/about to + do
am/is/are to + do;
一般将来时 de 表达方法
be going to +动词原形
be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to +动词原形
be able to +不定式
be about to+动词原形
will + 动词原形;
例如:He is going to work for us.
He will work for us;
He is coming.这是特殊 de 用一般现在时 表达 将来时态 de 例子!!
(4) 过去将来时
be(was,were)going to+动词原形
be(was,were)about to+动词原形
be(was,were)to+动词原形
肯定句:主语+be(was,were)going to+动词原形~.
否定句:主语+be(was,were)not going to+动词原形~.
疑问句:Be(Was,Were)+主语+going to+动词原形~?
肯定句:主语+would(should)+动词原形~.
否定句:主语+would(should)not+动词原形~.
疑问句:Would(Should)+主语+动词原形~?
He would work for us.
(5) 现在进行时
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中 v 表示动词)
表示现在正在进行 de 动作或最近在做 de 事。
例如:I am buying a book.
第一人称+am+doing+sth
第二人称+are+doing +sth (doing 是泛指所有 dev-ing 形式)
第三人称+is+doing+sth
例:He is working.
(6) 过去进行时
肯定句:主语+was/were+doing+其它
否定句:主语+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语:Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 ;答语:Yes,I 主语+was/were./No,I 主语+wasn"t/weren"t.
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它
He was working when he was alive.
(7) 将来进行时
主语+will + be +现在分词
He will be working for us.=He will work for us.
(8) 过去将来进行时
should(would)+be+现在分词
He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for us.
(9) 现在完成时
基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他\
He has worked for us for ten years.
Has he worked for us for ten years.
(10) 过去完成时
基本结构:主语+had+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他
肯定回答:Yes,主语+had
否定回答:No,主语+hadn"t
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他)
语法判定:
( 1 )
by + 过去 de 时间点。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o"clock last night.
( 2 )
by the end of + 过去 de 时间点。如:
We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
( 3 )
before + 过去 de 时间点。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
(11) 将来完成时
(shall)will+have+动词过去分词
before+将来时间或 by+将来时间
before 或 by the time 引导 de 现在时 de 从句
He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.
(12) 过去将来完成时
should / would have done sth.
He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.
(13) 现在完成进行时
基本与现在完成时相同,但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续 de 概念
have/has been +-ing 分词
He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten years.
(14) 过去完成进行时
had been +-ing 分词
He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years.
(15) 将来完成进行时
主语+ shall/will have been doing
He will have been working for us.=He will work for us.
翻译为:他最近一直在为我们工作(过去在工作,现在在工作,将来还会工作)
(16) 过去将来完成进行时
should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称
would have been+现在分词用于其他人称
He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would work for us.
:
举例:
英语中有 12 个主要时态,都来自于三时(过去、现在、将来)
现在以 I listen 为例,举例英语中有 12 个主要时态如下所示:
一般现在时:I listen
现在进行时:I am listening
过去进行时:I was listening
现在完成时:I have listened
现在完成进行时:I have been listening
一般将来时:I shall listen”或“I will listen.”
将来进行时:I shall be listening
一般过去时:I listened
过去完成时:I had listened
过去完成进行时:I had been listening
将来完成时:
I shall have listened
将来完成进行时:
I shall have been listening
英语中不存在格 属格
一个普遍 de 误解是在英语中只存在一个以“"s”结尾表示所属 de 属格。然而,语言学家已经表明英语 de 所有格完全不是一个格,而是一个独立 de 词并且在书写和发音上都不是前一个词 de 一部分,这可以有下面这个句子表明:The King of Sparta"s wife was called Helen. (斯巴达国王 de 妻子叫做海伦。)如果“"s”是属格,那么“妻子”(wife)就属于“斯巴达”(Sparta),但是“"s”并不是只表示“斯巴达”(Sparta),而是表示“斯巴达国王”(King of Sparta)。
上面这个例子并不表明英语没有自己 de 属格;但是它现在已经发展成为另一个形式。在古英语中,bande 属格形式是 banes。后来在现代英语中,这个发展成为了使用“"s”表示 de“bone"s”。在 18 世纪,人们对此 de 解释是省略号代替了一个属格代词,就像“the King"s horse”是“the King, his horse”de 缩写。但是这个解释是不正确 de。人们更相信是省略号代替了古英语中 de“e”。
英语和“ 与格”
在现代英语中,与格不再是英语语法 de 一部分,它只出现在一些表达用语中。一个很好 de 例子是单词 methinks(据我看来)。它来源于古英语 de 与格形式变化:me(与格 de 人称代词)+thinks(to seem,与动词词组 to think 很接近 de 一个词组)。
与格在英语中可以不要前置词,例如在“He built me a snowman.”中一样。在这个例子中,“me”是与格。
态 英语中不可把被动语态作为一种时态
在部分英语教材中,由于编者自身对被动语态 de 理解或其他原因,错误 de 将被动语态当成一种时态,但其实,被动语态是一种语态,不可能当作时态。在英国,这是一个常识。因此,在英国,如果有人犯了这种错误,简直是贻笑大方。