四 四 级 作 文 写 作 宝 典 第一章 四级作文表面 一 一. 四级考试对写作的要求
《大学英语讲授大纲》和《大学英语课程讲授根本要求》都对培养学生的英语写作能力做了明确规定，即学生能在半小时内完成 120 字左右的漫笔，包罗书信等应用问题写作，要求文理根本通顺，表达思想清楚，无重大语法错误。通过阐发历年的真题发明：英语作文考查的类型根本包罗议论文(一般为三段论式的论说文字)，图表作文(要求描述性的语言要贴近图表信息，真实反应语言水平)和应用文写作(包罗书信、便条、通知、海报等)。
二 二. 四级改造和写作变革
2005 年 1 月的作文题目是要求学生以导游的身份写一篇演讲稿，不但包罗欢迎辞(亮相)行程摆设，(说明)，并且包罗摆设的理由(说理)。2005 年 6 月作文题目是校园文化旅游，要求学生就此论述差别的看法。2006 年 1 月是个竞选演说，如果我当选学生会主席，我会给大家做点什么事情(说明)。2006 年 6 月 17 日的四级考试则是一个海报，要求考生构思一个招募志愿者的海报，其中包罗应聘人必备的资历和应准备的质料等(说明)。2006 年 6 月 24日新题型的作文是传统的议论文形式，讨论大学生选择任课老师相关的问题。2007 年 1 月作文也是传统的议论文形式，探讨对春节晚会所持的差别看法。2007 年 6 月份是欢迎同学参加俱乐部的海报(应用文)。
从上面的题目变革趋势看，描述现象、阐发原因、小我私家看法仍是四级考试写作部分主要考查的重点，在今后相当长的时间内，英语写作讲授和领导的主要突破口应会合在议论文和应用文上。
别的，仔细研究 06 年 6 月 24 日以后的四级试卷，我们还可发明，新四级的写作题目与校园生活密切相关，学生普遍感觉亲切，体裁包罗两篇议论文，一篇应用文。不但如此，新四级写作题中提供的文章框架清晰，思路比力明确，绝大多数考生都能利用“经典句型”或“万能模板”写出合格的作文。尽管新四级前两次都考查了议论文，但这并不能说明写作的重心有任何偏移。凭据考试改造方案和课程讲授要求的相关规定，应用文写作和议论文仍将是新四级作文的主攻偏向。
为了提高峻学英语写作水平，从 1997 年 6 月份起，四六级考试采取“作文最低分制”来盘算结果。按规定，考生写作结果若为 0 分，无论其总分是否高于 60 分，均按不合格处理惩罚；若结果高于 0 分，低于 6 分，盘算结果时，需从总分中减去 6 分，再加上实得作文分，也就是说，要从总分中减去实得作文分与 6 分之间的差额部分。
举例来说：若前边 85 总分得分 65 分，但是作文得分为 0 分，那么最后结果评为不合格。若前边 85 总分得分 59 分，作文得分为 5 分，那么最后结果不是 64 分，而是 59+5－6=58分。
三． 写作部分考核的技能 A
思想表达
1)表达中心思想
2)表达重要或特定信息
3)表达看法、态度等 B
篇章组织
4)围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点
5)连贯地组句成段，组段成篇 C
语言运用
6)运用恰当的词汇
7)运用正确的语法
8)运用符合的句子结构
9)使用正确的标点标记
10)运用衔接办段表达句间干系(如比拟、原因、结果、水平、目的等) D
写作格式 11)运用正确的切合英语表达习惯的写作格式
四 、评分标准：
CET 作文题采取总体评分(Global Scoring)要领。阅卷人员就总的印象给出嘉奖分(Award Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充实表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而符合地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。
四级作文不注重思维和思想，注重语言的运用。少堕落，得高分。四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。
内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上声东击西； 结构上牢记 总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)； 语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差别，语言要 模仿和包装。
1．本题满分为 15 分 2．阅卷标准共分五等：2 分、5 分、8 分、11 分及 14 分。各有标准样卷一份。
3．阅卷人员凭据阅卷标准，比较样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如 8 分)相似，即定为 该分数(即 8 分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分(即 9 分)或减一分(即 7 分)。但不得加或减半分。
具体标准：
2 分 — 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
5 分 — 根本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
8 分 — 根本切题。有些地方表达思想不敷清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
11 分— 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14 分— 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，根本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
[注：白卷，作文与题目绝不相关，或只有几个伶仃的词而无法表达思想，则给 0 分。] 5．字数不敷应酌情扣分：
累计字数 CET-4 110-119 100-109
90-99
80-89
70-79
60-69
50-59
<49 扣 分
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9 [注：1．如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。
2．规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。
3．只写一段者：0-4 分； 只写两段者：0-9 分
第二章 议论文写作 一 一. 评分标准 议论文 将从三个方面进行评分：
1. 表述质量：文章的结构是否公道？文章的表述内容是否流畅易懂？文章是否恰当的使用了种种连接器件？ 2. 论证，论点和论据：文章的议论内容是否切合题目的要求？文章的中心论点是否明晰？文章中使用的论据是否能够很好的办事于中心论点？ 3. 词汇和句式：文章中是否使用了足够的词汇量？词汇的使用是否准确？文章中是否使用了富厚的句式？句式的运用是否恰当？
基于以上的评分方面，应该从以下几个方面入手：
1. 文章结构：文章的组成身分（开篇，论点，论据和收尾）如何公道漫衍？ 2. 思路拓展：如何以主题为基点进行发散性思维，找出尽可能多的议论素材？ 3. 如何通过正确使用句型（含连接器件）和词汇来进行表述？
二 二. 构思 构思包罗“确定主旨”和“附会论据”两方面的任务。
确定主旨就是在仔细审题后确定文章的根本看法，即支持哪一个，阻挡那一个；均衡的的要领；阐发原因及解决方略 附会论据就是指构思出具体的分论点及其论据来支持文章的主旨。这方面需要考试的发散性思维。
构思时首先要审题，找出题目中所包罗的所有要害性信息；然后凭据题目中给出的要害性信息和题目提出的问题进行快速而缜密的思考，凭据小我私家的经验，好恶，素材的多寡和发挥的难易确定文章的主旨，并找出相应的论据。
在构思时，无论何种题目都可以从 如下 角度来考虑。
人的角度：凡事以人为本，人的调和共处为导向。那些能为人们带来益处的事情总是我们所推崇的，而那些倒霉于人的事情总是应该为我们所摒弃。考虑人的因素时，可以从身体康健，精神康健，物质财产，精神财产，生活质量，人的生长，人的生长，人的教诲等角度展开。
社会的角度：人组成了社会，因此社会将包罗人与人的干系及其奇特内容。可以从人与人之间的信任与理解，社会的经济生长，社会文明，社会公平与正义，社会的调和生长，社会法制等方面考虑。
情况的角度：人类生存的情况极大的影响了人类的生存质量和生长空间，因此情况为题一直是我们存眷的话题。可以从情况污染（空气，水，垃圾等），砍伐森林，噪音，全球温室效应，情况恶化导致的疾病，情况与野生动物的干系，情况与人生存的干系，生态平衡等方面。
能力：
物质能力，如金钱；精神能力，如知识技能 责任：
执法，道德，情感和义务方面责无旁贷的事 权利：人权和产权 意识：传统，习惯和文化 结果：良性或恶性，于国于民的影响，经贸方面，治理方面，环卫方面和警示作用等 三 三. 结构 结构的主要内容是针对题目进行思考，考虑整个文章的结构应该采取何种模式。
四级 议论文 都是三段式 ：
总— 分—总 总
1. 比力模式 该模式共有两种,一种是运用比力的手法来阐发自己的取舍.在具体的写作中,对付赞成的事物，其优点要详细写，而对付其缺点要少写，甚至略过。对付阻挡的事物，其优点要少写或略过，一笔代过，对付其缺点就要不吝笔墨大写特写。以此来强调自己的鲜明看法。
其结构为：
Part I:
S1: Topic: the subjects to be compared S2: Thesis: your preference for B over A Part II:
S3: concede A’s advantages S4: A’s disadvantages 1 S5: A’s disadvantages 2 S6: A’s disadvantages 3
S7: illustrate B’s advantages 1 S8: illustrate B’s advantages 2 S9: illustrate B’s advantages 3 Part III: S10: conclusion: prefer B to A 句型：
：
S1: with
the advent of …
, …plays an important role/part in…
the development of …
increasing attention is drawn/called to…
the improved standard of… 或 When it comes to…, some people think/believe that…, others argue/claim that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but… S2: While it is
commonly believed
that A…, but I believe B… generally held
widely accepted
S3: It is true that
There is no doubt that
Certainly that
A…
To be sure
It cannot be denied that
It is known to all that S4: But the chief/ obvious defects/faults are… 或 Like anything else, it also has its
faults
. First…. Second…. Disadvantages
problems.
或 However, it is not without
limits
, the principal one is….
Besides… Weaknesses
for one thing, …
For another… problems faults
S6: Studying show
Researches demonstrate
that…
Experiments reveal
S7: On the contrary,
the advantages of B
far outweigh
On the other hand,
carry more weight than the advantages of A 或 A and B differ/are different in several ways,
unlike A, B… There are some basic/marked differences between A and B, S8: For another, B also…
Second, …
Furthermore… S9: Although B fails to/ can not…, few things can be compared with B in terms of.. can match can equal
S10: The advantage/significance of B is more than … 或 The evidence upon all sides
supports
unshakable conclusion that… analysis we have made
justifies
an/a
unmistakable idea that… reasons we have advanced
confirms
just view that…
另一种比力性议论文是作者通过比力来论述自己的看法：两者都有自己的优缺点，不能完全地否定某一事物，也不能完全地肯定另一方。
其结构为：
Part I:
S1: Topic: the subjects to be compared S2: General view of A and B Part II:
S3: A’s advantages 1 S4: A’s advantages 2 S5: A’s advantages 3 S6: A’s disadvantages
S7: B’s advantages 1 S8: B’s advantages 2 S9: B’s disadvantages Part III:
S10: A balanced view of the subjects 句型：
S1: To most people, …are the two basic
ways in which… Common
means to… Important 或 To the general public
To most people
, …. But I believe…
To the popular mind To most people’s opinion S2: There are both
advantages and disadvantages
to the two… strengths and weaknesses merits and limits
S3: The most obvious/biggest advantage of…is… S4: For example/instance, … S5: Another advantage/benefits/merit is… S6: The fault
, however, is that… defect problem S7: By contrast
, B…
On the contrary S8: In addition to
Besides
…, B also…
Apart from
S9: There is again a
fault defect
: it… problem
S10: Anyhow, both the ways have their
merit
and
faults
, but
strengths
defects
both must be improved in order to achieve the best possible result/effect. A combination of their merits might be a step in the right direction.
2. 理由模式 理由型主要是解释作者为什么要干某事或为什么不干某事; 或解释为什么会出现某一社会现象或社会问题. 结构如下:
Part I:
S1 Topic S2 Thesis: attitude to it Part II:
S3: Thesis(more specific)
S4: Reason I S5: Supporting detail I S6: Reason II
S7: Supporting detail II S8: Reason III S9: Supporting detail III Part III:
S10: Conclusion 如果只有两个理由，则结构如下：
Part II
S3: Thesis (more specific)
S4: Reason I S5: Supporting detail 1 S6: Supporting detail 2 S7: Reason II S8: Supporting detail 3
S9: Supporting detail 4 常用句型：
S1: When
asked about…,
a vast majority of
people
believe
that...
it comes to…,
a considerable
the public
argue
S2: Contrary to the
widely-held
belief,
I
prefer …
popular
thought
think differently
S3：A number of
factors
might
contribute to
sudden rise.
Several
causes
may
lead to
the
phenomenon. A couple of
things
account for
problem.
S4: Part of the explanations for it
One of the most common factors/causes
is that…
S5: 支持性说明文字 S6: …is also responsible for the problem.
Another contributing factor/cause is… S7: 支持性说明文字 S8:
Perhaps
the
primary factor
is that…
But
fundmental cause
S9: 支持性说明文字 S10: For all these reasons,
it comes as no surprise that…
Taking all these into account,
it is small wonder that… 3. 批驳 模式 该类型议论文主要是对某一看法或做法进行批评或驳倒。要求考生在一些有争议的问题上所反应出来的一种作者认为不正确的看法进行批评，然后论述自己在这方面的看法或看法。（驳论—立论）
全文可以分为三部分：
Part one:
S1: topic: the issue to be argued about
S2: thesis: my opinion of the issue Part two:
S3: other’s arguments about the issue
S4: detail 1
S5: detail 2
S6: (concede their validity)
set up writer’s objection
S7: writer’s own argument
S8: detail 3
S9: detail 4 Part three: S10: conclusion
句型：
S1: In recent/the past few years, there is a remarkable increase in…
growing demand for…
marked change in attitude to…
S2: As for me ,
…play an important part in…
As far as I am concerned,
…becoming indispensable to…
I believe/think,
…make great contribution to…
S3: But not everyone shares
the idea,
and it is argued that…
agrees with
the view,
S4: They hold/argue/believe that… S5: Another reason they …is that… S6: There may be some truth/wisdom in it, but a
close examination
of the
careful analysis
argument
reveals
how fallacious it is.
indicates
it is not borne out by facts.
Discloses S7: The truth/fact is that…
Rather, the reverse is true:…
Just the opposite is true:...
S8: Anyone with
the least common sense
can tell that… modest knowledge of…
S9: In addition,
Further,
…
And,
S10: In summary, In conclusion,…(paraphrase your opinion that has been mentioned above) Above all,
4. 阐发 模式 阐发型议论文主要是判断和阐发所讨论的事物或看法的性质。就是论述其重要性，正确性或谬妄性，危害性等，最后提出对该问题或现象的一些解决要领。
全文可以分为三部分：
Part One:
S1: topic: the issue to be talked about
S2: thesis: my attitude to it
Part Two:
S3: thesis: (more specific)
S4: benefit(effect) I
S5: detail 1
S6: benefit(effect) II
S7: detail 2
S8: benefit(effect) III
S9: detail 3
Part Three: S10: conclusion 有的时候，对付论点的阐发不一定从同一个偏向进行，也可以从正反两个方面同时进行，这时 Part Two 的结构有所差别。
Part Two: S3: thesis (more specific)
S4: Importance (with it)
S5: detail 1
S6: detail 2
S7: consequence (without it)
S8: detail 3
S9: detail 4 句型：
S1: With the development of…
With the introduction of …to our lives , more and more…
With the increase of …of…
S2: (同向阐发) It is
certain
obvious
believed
that …(反向阐发) but, at the same time, it is not without shortcomings. S3: Then/but, you may ask why…?
S4: One of the
benefits deriveing from… harmful effects on…
is that…
S5: To have a
better
understanding of…
we may
look at… full
appreciation of…
turn to…
S6: Another
benefit
is concerned with… effect
relates to…
S7: A
good case in point
is… typical example of this
S8: Of all the
benefits
resulting from,
none has been
more significant than... effects
nothing is
as significant as…
S9: Just
think…
imagine…
S10: Thus, it can be seen that… Therefore, I think… Above all, we may believe that…
四 四. 首段的写法 在四级作文中，首段的写作一般包罗以下三个要素：
1. 对付题目中提出的论述、问题的重述(引题) 2. 对付该论述/问题，表明自己的看法（立论）
3. 对付文章的主体段落结构的预先交代 其中，第一和第二要素是须要的组成部分，而要素三是可选择的组成部分。如果有的话，会使文章看上去条理更清楚，条理更明白。
具体写法：
1. 对付题目中提出的论述、问题的重述 该部分的描写可以将题目中的要害信息进行重组后，用自己的方法表达出来。也可以套用一些句型，如：
When it comes to…, some think/believe/hold/claim… There is a public debate today that ... Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. · ·with the
development improvement rise growth recognition
realization acknowledgement of ..., we
of…, … learn /feel know /find see/notice
play a vital/essential role/part that ...
in… Recently, … has been brought into focus/public attention. In recent years, … has become a hot topic domestically and internationally. These days, we oftern hear about …. Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to … It has long been a contentious issue as to … Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed … to many families that …. …has aroused much public concern in China. A common ground has been reached that …
There is no denying the fact that … It is a common scene in big cities that ... Now there is a growing awareness that .... Nowhere in history has … been more visible recently. One of the burning questions facing our society today is… 另外，还可以以提问的方法来开头。以问题开始一篇论文往往可以引起读者的注意，吸引读者继承读下去，较好的起到了开端引题的作用。如：
Should we allow the government to establish a new college or university in our neighborhood? Should we encourage people to make a reservation for luxurious space travel?
2. 对付该论述/ 问题，表明自己的看法 开门见山式：
可以选择的句型：
这种写法适用于“自由发挥型”和“给定看法型” A. 当……问题出现时（后接名词，动名词或名词性从句）
As far as …is/are concerned, … Speaking of…, … Considering …, … In case of…, … B. 我认为…（后接完整的句子）
In my opinion/Personally,… From my point of view, I think/believe/hold… My view is that… As for myself/For my part, I would like to … My answer is… I cannot agree more with … As far as I am concerned, I would prefer to… As far as I am able to judge, … It seems quite clear to me that… C. 这是…（It is +adj.+to do/that…）形容词可以替换 It is encouraged for us to… It is beneficial to do/that… It is unrealistic that…
评价引用看法：这种要领适用于“比拟选择型”作文 A. 体现同意（前方必有一看法）
I absolutely agree to/with it. I could not agree more to/with the opinion. I would go along with this point of view. I am for that solution. I vote for this suggestion. That is exactly how I see it. B. 体现差别意（前方必有一看法）
I disagree to/with it. I am against that solution.
I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis. I doubt whether the argument can hold water. C. 体现同意一方（前方必有两种对立看法）
I absolutely agree to/with the former/latter opinion. I could not agree more to/with the former/latter opinion. I would go along with the former/latter one. I am for the former/latter solution. I vote for the former/latter. Others, including me, hold that… The issue of whether or not…has been widely/heatedly debated currently/recently. quite a few people claim…. On the other handd, those who think differently argue that….As for me/As far as I am concerned/In my opinion… There is no denying that everything has two sides. But when we weigh this measure’s advantages against its disadvantages, we can see easily that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. So I’m for it. People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that….
三七分看法：这种要领适用于“比拟选择型” 作文 A. although…（although 前是看法）
Globally, I believe…, although several individual cases should be considered.
Universally, I hardly believe…, although several merits should be observed in some cases. B. but 方法（but 后是看法）
It is in part beneficial to a person or a group, but I still insist… It is sometimes beneficial to a person or a group, but I assert…
在提出自己的看法之前还可以罗列出题目中出现的两方面截然相反的看法：
· ·Some people believe say
maintain advocate advise hold think claim that..., while others say believe maintain think claim advocate argue propose that...
3. 对付文章的主体段落结构的预先交代 以间接的语言引出整篇文章主体段落的大抵结构，如：
In my opinion, computers would jeopardize the overall well-being of humans in three fundamental ways. As to …, there are two opposing views, which have caused quite a controversy among citizens. There are three reasons for this.
The reasons for this are as follows.
五 五. 主体段落写作 经过构思历程和引言段落的写作，我们根本上确定了主体段落的写作框架，因此，主体段落的写作业就水到渠成了。而主体段落的写作要害在于思路的拓宽，换言之，针对引言段落中提出的看法进行思考，寻找相关的理论或理由支持你的看法，大概说，无论写什么样的看法，你都能够想出它的利和弊。无论什么样的题目出现在面前，都要表明看法，做成评判以及搜寻证据来进行支持或反驳。为了到达这样的目的，有两个要领可以借鉴：
1. 多学习一些精彩的范文，看一下他人是如何看待这个问题的。他们是如何表达自己的看法的，又是如何来支持自己的看法的，以及他们的写法由和借鉴之处。
2. 多体贴一下实事新闻，特别要看一些英语新闻和报道，从中了解世界动态，最新的实事看法以及作对实事的透彻阐发，这些内容都有助于我们创建自己的看法，拓展自己的思路。
主体段落的具体写法 好的段落必须是意思完整，语意连贯，完全体现文章的中心主旨，同时又是条理明白，结构严谨，逻辑干系应用公道。
一个段落有三部分组成：
1.主题句：点出段落的主题（谈论什么）
2.扩展句：说明和支持主题 3.结尾句：得出结论 主题句和扩展句是每个段落所必有的，结尾句在有些段落种可能没有。
一篇文章有中心思想，也就是有主题。而每个段落则有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中信办事的。每个段落只能有一个主题，它用一个句子表达，所以称之为主题句。主题句一般位于句首。主题提出后需要许多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，这些句子成为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。
写好主题句需要注意的事项：
1. 主题句要归纳综合一定内容，不要空泛，不然扩展句将难以说明和支持它 2. 尽量使用简单句或简便明了的句子 3. 主题句应该使表达的主题思想完整 扩展句是围绕主题句展开，支持，说明和论述的句子。扩展句紧扣主题句中的要害词展开，句子与句子间逻辑清晰，上下转承结合恰当，简便扼要，重点突出。一旦确定了主题和要害词，便要凭据自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要有连贯性，就必须有一系列的逻辑干系组成， 例如：
并列干系，因果干系，递进干系，转折干系，解释干系，归纳综合干系，顺承干系，让步干系，比较干系等等。这些逻辑干系可由一系列的过渡词来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然，连贯，切合逻辑，结构严谨，故极为重要。
转承启合的词汇和表达法 体现顺序的 顺序 1
顺序 2
顺序 3
结论
First, …
Second, …
Third,…
In conclusion,… Firstly,…
Secondly,…
Thridly,…
To concluse,…
Initially,…
Next,…
Finally,…
In summary,… First of all,…
Then,…
Lastly,…
To sum up In the first place,…
Last but not least,…
To summarize,…
To begin with,…
Last but by no means least,… All in all,…
As has been discussed above…
As is mentioned above,… 体现其它的 举例
同时
强调
结果 For example,…
Meanwhile,…
In fact, …
So,… An an example,…
In the meantime,….
Actually,…
Thus,… For instance,…
At the same time,…
As a matter of fact,…
Hence,…
Of course,…
Therefore,…
indeed,…
As a result…
Obviously…
In this way,…
Apparently,…
Eventually,…
Undoubtedly,…
Accordingly,…
Unquestionably,…
Consequently,…
递进
类似
转折
让步 And,…
Similarly,…
However,…
Although,… Besides,…
Likewise,…
Instead (of)
Despite... Moreover,…
In like manner,…
Conversely,…
In spite of… In addition,…
In the same way,…
By/In contrast,…
Albeit… Additionally,…
Accordingly,…
On the contrary,…
What’s more,…
On the other hand,… Furthermore,…
必不可少的过渡词汇 强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially, obviously, clearly. 比力 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 比拟 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast. 列举 for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 时间 after, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during,nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.
可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 让步 although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas 原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 总结 结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short. 其他 Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this
purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case
拓展句的文字表述：
A. 给出多条理由：
First(ly),…Second(ly),…Last(ly),…第一点，…第二点，…第三点… To begin with,…首先，（用于提出第一条理由）
First of all, …首先，…（用于提出第一条理由）
The first and most important reason is that…（用于提出第一条理由）
On the other hand, …另一方面，…（经常用于在给出一条理由后，给出其他理由）
Another equally important aspect is…另一个同样重要的方面是…（经常用于在给出一条理由后，给出其他理由）
Besides, other reasons are…除此之外，另外的理由是…（经常用于在给出一条理由后，给出其他理由）
For one thing…, for another…一方面…，另一方面…（给出两条理由）
Last but not least, …最后但也很重要 ，…（经常用于给出最后一条理由）
There are a number of reasons for my choice. For one thing/On one hand…; for another/ on the other hand…
B.提出假想例子的方法：
We can assume …我们可以假定… Let’s assume that…倘使… Suppose that…假定… Just imagine what would be like if…如果…，考虑会怎样。
It is reasonable to expect…预计…是合情公道的。
It is not surprising that…….并不奇怪。
C.举普通例子 For example(instance),…例如…
…such as A, B, C and so on(so forth). 如 A,B,C 等等。
A good case in point is…一个很恰当的例子是… A particular example for this is…对此，一个特别的例子是… Consider the case of…考虑…的例子 Let’s take…as an example,…让我们以…为例，… D. 引用 One of the greatest early writers/thinkers/scientists said…一个伟大的作家/思想家等曾说过， … “…”, such is the remark of a world known …
“…”是出自…的一句名言. “…” That is how …comment/criticize/praise/remark. “…”是这样评价/批评/夸奖…的。
“…” How often we hear such words like there. 我们经常听到这样的话。
E. 提出原因 There are many reasons for…对付…可能有许多原因。
The answer to this problem involves many factors. 这个问题的答案可能涉及到多方面的因素。
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves…任何对此问题的讨论都不可制止地涉及… The first reason can be obviously seen. 第一个原因是显而易见的。
Most people would agree that…大多数人都同意… Some people may neglect that in fact…一些人可能忽略了事实上… Others suggest that…其他人认为… Part of the explanation is…部分的解释是…
F. 进行比拟 The advantages of A outweigh the disadvantages of B. A 的优点逾越了 B 的缺点。
Although…enjoys a distinct advantage…尽管…具有明显的优势，但是… Indeed, A carries much weight than B when something is concerned. 就某事而言，A 的重要性逾越了 B. …maybe…, but it suffers from the disadvantage that….
…可能会…， 但是他有一个缺点… In comparison/contrast, …
…比力/比拟起来…
G. 承上启下 To understand the truth of…, it is also important to see…为了清楚…的真相， 也需要考虑一下… A study of…will make this point clear. 对…进行研究就会把这一点弄清楚。
H. 让步 Certainly/Admittedly, B has its own advantages, such as…虽然 B 也有其自己的优点，例如… I do not deny that A has its own merits. 我并不否定 A 有其自己的优点。
经典句型 时间(首段引题句子) In this day,…/In recent years,…/In the past few years,… Nowadays/These days/Recently/Currently,… Along with the development/improvement/advances of/in…,… As…, …
空间(首段引题句子) In many/most countries of the world… Around the world… 事件(首段引题句子) …has been in the limelight/brought into focus. …has aroused/drawn
wide/public
attention/concern One of the problems/issues we are faced with is that… There is a heared/vehement debate/discussion on… Anyone who…is aware of… Now most dangerous for our nation is the trend of… which is pervasive in… A virtual epidemic of… is now under way in this country. According to a recent poll, … Now in many big cities, an overwhelming majority of the public… What accounts for the phenomenon? 提出作者看法 Personally/Frankly/From my point of view, I think/believe/hold that… Personally/Frankly/From my point of view, I am against/for… In my opinion/As I see it/As far as I am concerned,… 同意/阻挡 I (absolutely) agree with… I could not agree more with… I disagree (entirely) with… I (really) cannot accept… While it is commonly believed/ generally held/ widely accepted that…, but I believe… Contrary to the
widely-held/ popular
belief/ thought,
I
prefer/ think differently that… 争论 Some people say/think that…, while others believe that… People who advocate…say that…, while those who oppose it argue that… Although it is true that…, it is also true that… At first sight, it seems that…, but… 共鸣 It is commonly/widely/generally said/believed/accepted/assumed that… As is well known, … It is true that… It goes without saying that… There is no doubt that… Needless to say, … …, more and more people begin to realize/notice the importance/seriousness of… 分歧 People from different backgrounds hold different opinions on… Views towards…vary from person to person. 提醒 We must not lose sight of the fact that… Despite all these advantages/merits, the drawbacks/negative effects of…should not be neglected/ignored.
水平 比力级 and 比力级 the+比力级, the+比力级 …so(such)…that… …too…(for…) to… It is becoming increasingly …for….to… There is a growing tendency these days for …to… The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages. The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that... It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that... For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. Like anything else, it has its faults. A and B has several points in common. A bears some resemblances to B. However, the same is not applicable to B. A and B differ in several ways. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. People used to think ..., but things are different now. The same is true of B.
Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ... 引用 Statistics/…researches have shown/indicated/proven that… There is enough/plentiful evidence to suggest that… 权衡:…outweigh…/…be much greater than… 等同:…, like…, …/…, as well as…,…/…be as…as…/both…and…/either…or…/ not only…but also…/…be to…what/as…be to… 取舍:… rather than…/…instead of… 限定:In such/certain/some/many cases,… 条件:If…, then…/Provided/providing that…,…/Now/Seeing that…, …/Where there be…, there be… 目的:…so that…/In order to…, …/…in order to/so as to… 影响:…affect…/…have/has an effect on…/…can be harmful/helpful to… 因果: …cause/lead to/result in/give rise to… …be the cause of… …be the reason behind/for… ..., due to/owing to/attributable to… …, because of… …be caused by … …result from… …, resulting from… The reason(s) for…be…
…(,) because/since/as/for… A number of factors are accountable for this situation. A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem). The answer to this problem involves many factors. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that... The factors that contribute to this situation include... The change in ...largely results from the fact that... We may blame ...,but the real causes are... Part of the explanations for it is that ... One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ... Another contributing factor (cause ) is ... Perhaps the primary factor is that … But the fundamental cause is that ... It may give rise to a host of problems. The immediate result it produces is ... It will exercise a profound influence upon... Its consequence can be so great that... 重要性 …play(s) a(n) important/major role/part in… …be of great/crucial importance. 可能性 ...